Core technologies currently in use for the removal and concentration of dissolved solids vary and depend on the concentration of the TDS. Potential disposal options for wastewater and other wastes containing radioactivity are currently unclear. If elevated TENORM is encountered during natural gas extraction, then development of a site health and safety plan that includes the measurement and identification of risk pathways for TENORM in production waters, flowback waters, and drill cuttings may be needed.
One approach proposed by the NYDEC is for the Marcellus Shale drilling companies to survey all wastewater for radioactivity before it is allowed to leave the well site.
In this scenario, waste handlers will need to be licensed, and their workers tested for radioactive exposure. This would reduce the potential risk of exposure from waters, cuttings solids, wastes, and contamination of equipment. Design of storage pits, ponds, and TENORM residual solids disposal may become a major issue for risk managers to address. In summary, the Marcellus Shale boom, while economically desirous, would come with a potentially significant environmental impact.
The issues noted herein need to be risk assessed and accounted in the impact calculus. Supporting Information. Author Information. Kargbo - U. Ron G. Wilhelm - U. David J. Campbell - U. Department of Energy. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. Unconventional natural gas reservoir could boost U. Marcellus Report card on the breakout year for gas production in the Appalachian Basin. An emerging giant: prospects and economic impacts for developing Marcellus Shale.
Geological Survey. Groundwater and Wells ; Johnson Filtration Inc. Drilling right into a heated environmental debate. Drill mud or industrial liquid waste?
Hydraulic fracturing considerations for natural gas wells of the Marcellus Shale. Water resources and natural gas production from the Marcellus Shale. Geologic Survey : Environmental Protection Agency. Fractured shale gas potential in New York Northeastern Geol. Underused drilling practices could avoid pollution. New Technol, Mag. Frac technique minimizes formation damage—Dry Frac. New drilling efforts raise questions: Charleston, WV.
Process for treatment of gas well completion, fracture, and production wastewaters for recycle, discharge, and resource recovery. Cited By. This article is cited by publications. Alexandra Hakala, Christina Lopano. Discovery of Gold Nanoparticles in Marcellus Shale. Tieman, Brian W. Stewart, Rosemary C. Capo, Thai T. Phan, Christina L. Lopano, J. Alexandra Hakala. Fernandez, Varun Gupta, Gao L. Dai, Andrew P.
Horner, Paul F. Martin, Jeffrey A. Vukmanovich, Cosmin E. Dumitrescu, Jianli Hu. Ajemigbitse, Travis L. Tasker, Fred S. Cannon, Nathaniel R. Kroepsch, Peter T. Maniloff, John L. Adgate, Lisa M. McKenzie, Katherine L. Bilheux, Brian R. Santos, Zacariah L. Hildenbrand, Kevin A. Analytical Chemistry , 91 1 , Gusa, Radisav D.
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Paukert Vankeuren , J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C , 18 , Blewett , Perrine L. Folkerts , Shannon L. Flynn , Daniel S. Alessi , and Greg G. Folkerts , Yifeng Zhang , Jonathan W. Martin , Daniel S. Grappe , Amlan Chakraborty , and Gerassimos Orkoulas. Chemical Reviews , 19 , Langmuir , 31 43 , Anderson , Mohamed H. Nasr , Thomas M. Yun , Peter A. Kottke , and Andrei G. Berk Knighton , Scott C.
Herndon , Charles E. Kolb , Eladio Knipping , Stephanie L. Shaw , and Peter F. Lawrence Lowlands Quebec, Canada. Viswanathan J. Hyman S. Karra J. Carey M. Porter E. Energy Information Administration, there are 48 shale gas basins in 32 countries around the world, containing almost 70 shale gas formations. The Marcellus is among the largest and most productive, but assuming all those shale formations were equally big and lucrative — a very liberal assumption — it would require over 22 trillion gallons of water to be permanently sequestered a mile below ground.
If all 70 shale gas formations around the world were equivalent to the Marcellus and were fracked in one day with water from Lake Erie, the lake would diminish by about 17 percent.
Arthur said the problem with the argument that drilling removes water from the hydrologic cycle is that it discounts the fact that most of the water in that cycle comes from the oceans. The removal of water ultimately affects ocean levels, not rivers and streams, he said, because the evaporation and return by rainfall continues. He said in dry lands areas with very little water storage, hydraulic fracturing could be competing for water with industries such as agriculture.
In a drought, the SRBC has the authority to prohibit drillers from withdrawing water. But those withdrawals will take place over decades.
The drilling process focuses first on reaching — and protecting — water-bearing zones beneath the ground. Drilling is completed using a small amount of lubricating agents. The entire length of the well, from the surface to the groundwater strata, is cased and cemented tightly with a series of steel pipes and concrete to form a barrier between the wellbore and the earth. These producing wells are very close together at the surface and illustrate the position of the vertical parts of the wells by a drilling rig that can drill one well and "walk" a few feet to drill another.
The Marcellus Shale horizon increases with depth towards the southeast from its shallowest level in northwestern Pennsylvania. Conventional vertical wells alone cannot tap sufficient hydrocarbons from this relatively thin shale unit to be economic. Thus, an unconventional strategy must be used that combine a vertical wellbore, drilled to about feet above the target horizon, followed by a bend and horizontal segment that is drilled along the target horizon; in this case, the target is typically the most organic-carbon-rich horizon near the base of the Marcellus Shale Fig.
Note that the well is "cased" to protect groundwater resources from fluids and gases coming up the well from deeper horizons. Ultimately, most of the casing is cemented, particularly in the shallow zone of fresh water typically from the surface to to feet to fill in the "annulus" void space around the casing and further protecting against contamination of shallower horizons by migrating fluids.
We discuss this aspect further in a later section. So, back to why the vertical wells are spaced and have the orientation that they do. Some time ago, Professor Terry Engelderat Penn State University showed that there are natural fractures in the subsurface within the Marcellus Shale that have a similar orientation across the Appalachian Basin.
There are two major sets of fractures, which Dr. Engelder called J1 and J2. Examples of these intersecting fracture sets are shown in Figure 5. Without getting into the details of how these formed, suffice it to say that they are presently oriented relative to certain principal stress directions such that the J1 fractures, which are more closely spaced and oriented Northeast-southwest,will open somewhat if pressurized fluids are pumped along horizontal lengths of tubing placed perpendicular to them.
This is the rationale for the pattern of drilling shown in Figure 5. Skip to main content. Drilling and Production Phase Permitting A permit is required prior to beginning operations.
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